Given that the conservation, sustainable use and development of aquatic genetic resources (AqGR) is critical to the future supply of fish, this publication drew on 92 reports from FAO member countries and five specially commissioned background studies, with reporting countries representing 96 percent of global aquaculture production. This first ever global assessment of AqGR presents a snapshot of the current status of AqGR and also constitutes a valuable technical reference document, providing standardized terminology and concepts. The scope of this report covers cultured AqGR and their wild relatives within national jurisdictions. It includes overviews of the uses and exchanges of AqGR, the drivers and trends impacting AqGR and the extent of ex situ and in situ conservation efforts. The report also investigates the roles of stakeholders and levels of activity in research, education, training and extension, as well as reviewing national policies and regional and international cooperation on AqGR. Finally, based on its findings, it explores needs and challenges in the countries concerned.