Nanotechnologies for Water Environment Applications - Zhiqiang Hu

Nanotechnologies for Water Environment Applications

Zhiqiang Hu (Redaktør) ; Tian Cheng Zhang (Redaktør) ; Rao Y. Surampalli (Redaktør) ; R.D. Tyagi (Redaktør) ; Keith C. K. Lai (Redaktør) ; Irene M. C. Lo (Redaktør)

Nanotechnologies, 'the engine of the next Industrial Revolution', represent the new wave of research for chemical and industrial innovation. However, with any new technology or compound, comes the threat of harm to humans and natural ecosystems. Les mer
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Nanotechnologies, 'the engine of the next Industrial Revolution', represent the new wave of research for chemical and industrial innovation. However, with any new technology or compound, comes the threat of harm to humans and natural ecosystems. Research into the environmental effects, as well as the ethical, legal, and social implications of nanotechnologies and nanoproducts has never been more important. ""Nanotechnologies for Water Environment Applications"" provides the current status of synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials, as well as the environmental effects of nanotechnology. This publication specifically targets the major applications of nanotechnologies in various water environments; issues related to the fate and transport of nanomaterials in aquatic environments; engineered nanomaterials as emerging contaminants in water; the environmental risks, and related management, of nanomaterials. Extensive up-to-date references are provided. This book will be useful to undergraduate and graduate students of engineering, educators, scientists, engineers, government officers, decision makers, process managers, and practicing professionals.
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Utgitt:
Forlag: American Society of Civil Engineers
 Innbinding: Paperback
Språk: Engelsk
ISBN: 9780784410301
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Chapter 1 Introduction1




1.1 Background

1




1.2 Past, Present, and Future

2




1.3 Environmental Applications

4




1.4 Implications of Nanotechnology and Research Needs

8




1.5 Summary

11




1.6 References

12
Chapter 2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles and One-Dimensional Nanomaterials14




2.1 Introduction

14




2.2 Nanoparticles

12




2.3 One-Dimensional Nanomaterials

28




2.4 Conclusions

32




2.5 References

33
Chapter 3 Nanotechnostructured Catalysts TiO2 Nanoparticles for Water Purification43




3.1 Background of TiO2 as a Semiconductor Photocatalyst

44




3.2 Photocatalytic Mechanism, General Pathways, and Kinetics

46




3.3 Intrinsic Photocatalytic Activity

50




3.4 Reaction Variables

58




3.5 Photocatalytic Degradation of Specific Waterborne Pollutants

71




3.6 Conclusions

75




3.7 References

78
Chapter 4 Nanoparticles for Treatment of Chlorinated Organic Contaminants93




4.1 Introduction

93




4.2 Overview of Chlorinated Organic Solvents

93




4.3 Biodegradation of Chlorinated Organic Solvents

94




4.4 Nanoscale Zero-Valence Iron (NZVI)

100




4.5 Application of Other Nanoscale Metallic Particles in Chlorinated Organic Compound Degradation

108




4.6 Conclusions

111




4.7 References

111
Chapter 5 Nanoparticles for Treatment of Arsenic116




5.1 Introduction

116




5.2 Environmental Chemistry of Arsenic

117




5.3 Treatment of Arsenic Using Nanocrystalline TiO2

119




5.4 Treatment of Arsenic Using Nanoparticles Other Than TiO2

132




5.5 References

133
Chapter 6 Nanoparticles as Sorbents for Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions137




6.1 Introduction

137




6.2 Iron-Based Nanoparticles for Removal of Heavy Metal Ions

142




6.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles for Removal of Heavy Metal Ions

148




6.4 Conclusions

153




6.5 References

154
Chapter 7 Bimetallic Nanoparticles159




7.1 Introduction

159




7.2 Micro-Sized Bimetallic Particles

162




7.3 Bimetallic Nanoparticles

169




7.4 Conclusions

184




7.5 References

184
Chapter 8 Challenges in Groundwater Remediation with Iron Nanoparticles: Enabling Colloidal Stability191




8.1 Introduction

191




8.2 Current Status of nZVI Surface Modification

192




8.3 Surface Modification with Amphiphilic Polysiloxane Graft Copolymers

198




8.4 Conclusions

206




8.5 Acknowledgements

206




8.6 References

206
Chapter 9 Iron-Based Magnetic Nanoparticles for Removal of Heavy Metals from Electroplating and Metal-Finishing Wastewater213




9.1 Introduction

213




9.2 Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles on Environmental Pollution Control

215




9.3 Laboratory Production of Magnetic Nanoparticles

218




9.4 Nanoparticles Characterizations

223




9.5 Batch Kinetics and Equilibrium Adsorption Studies

235




9.6 Conclusions

263




9.7 References

264
Chapter 10 Nanoscale Carbon Materials for Contaminant Separation269




10.1 Introduction

269




10.2 Properties and Potential Applications

274




10.3 Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerenes for Contaminant Separation

277




10.4 Adsorptive Removal on Mesoporous Carbon

297




10.5 Other Nanoscale Carbons

300




10.6 Perspectives of Nanoscale Carbon

301




10.7 References

302
Chapter 11 Nanoscale Porous Materials for Water Treatment: Advances and Challenges312




11.1 Introduction

312




11.2 Nanoscale Porous Materials

313




11.3 Fate/Transport of Nanoscale Porous Materials in Porous Media

349




11.4 Discussion

351




11.5 Conclusions and Perspectives

352




11.6 Abbreviation

353




11.7 References

354
Chapter 12 Nanomembranes367




12.1 Introduction

367




12.2 Nanomembranes in Drinking Water Treatment

368




12.3 Nanomembranes in Water Reclamation and Reuse

385




12.4 Nanomembranes in Seawater Desalination

396




12.5 Future of Nanomembranes in Water Beneficiation

403




12.6 References

403
Chapter 13 Nanosensors412




13.1 Introduction

412




13.2 Characteristics of Sensors for the Water Industry

416




13.3 Working Mechanisms and Types of Sensors

417




13.4 Fabrication and Synthesis of Micro- and Nano-Scale Materials

421




13.5 Detection Limit as Key Parameter for Pathogens in Water

422




13.6 Labeling Approaches

423




13.7 Signaling Methods

427




13.8 Magnetic Particle Based Immunoassays for the Detection of Pathogens: Commercial Devices

428




13.9 Label-Free Detection

430




13.10 Sample Processing

433




13.11 Market Trends

434




13.12 Conclusions

435




13.13 Acknowledgements

436




13.14 References

436
Chapter 14 Nanomaterials for Environmental Burden Reduction, Waste Treatment, and Non-Point Source Pollution Control444




14.1 Introduction

444




14.2 Environmental Burden Reduction

445




14.3 Treatment of Industrial and Agricultural Wastes

455




14.4 Nanomaterials for Non-Point Source Pollution Control

459




14.5 Summary

462




14.6 References

462
Chapter 15 Fate and Transport of Nanomaterials in Aquatic Environments474




15.1 Introduction

474




15.2 Mass Balance Equations and Transport Processes

477




15.3 Interphase Transfer Processes

497




15.4 Transformation Processes

503




15.5 NM-Induced Characteristics, Interactions and Behaviors

523




15.6 Conclusions

543




15.7 References

545
Chapter 16 Engineered Nanomaterials as Emerging Contaminants in Water558




16.1 Introduction

558




16.2 What Are Emerging Contaminants

559




16.3 Classification of Nanomaterials

561




16.4 Sources, Detection and Fate of Engineered Nanomaterials in Aquatic Systems

562




16.5 Stability of Nanomaterials in Aquatic Systems

570




16.6 Examples of NM Fate in Engineered and Natural Systems

572




16.7 Conclusions

580




16.8 Acknowledgements

581




16.9 References

582
Chapter 17 Environmental Risks of Nanomaterials591




17.1 Introduction

591




17.2 Routes of NMs into the Water Environment

592




17.3 Hazardous Effects of NMs on Human and Animal Health

595




17.4 Risk Management

600




17.5 Conclusions

609




17.6 References

610
Editor Biographies619
Index623