This book contains twelve chapters describing recent advancements in neuroscience research. Chapter One summarizes the role of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in the health and disease of dogs. Chapter Two discusses the neuroprotective effects of erythropoietin. Chapter Three focuses on the development of several mesencephalic areas using tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry and tritiated thymidine autoradiography. Chapter Four presents a study of the cerebellum of different age members of the same family using gravitational mass spectroscopy. Chapter Five explores how the conformations of nucleosomes and their states in the spirals of solenoids are responsible for the processes of short-term and long-term memory as well as other brain functions. Chapter Six deals with cognitive decline and depression associated with severe asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Chapter Seven describes the surgical technique of extensive craniofacial reconstruction for unilateral anterior plagiocephaly treatment. Chapter Eight gives a model of the molecular cause of pain based on a study of human fingers conducted via gravitational mass spectroscopy. Chapter Nine deals with the role of globules in the work of the brain and the dynamics of their conformations. Chapter Ten explains how chromosome topology is formed in vivo. Chapter Eleven explores the relationship between mild traumatic brain injury and residual cognitive impairment. Finally, Chapter Twelve examines stochastic resonance in the context of human sensory systems.