Ethical Debates in Orangutan Conservation
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Although R&R might appear an uncontroversial activity, there is considerable debate about how, and why, it ought to be practised. Drawing on in-depth qualitative research with orangutan conservation practitioners, this book examines how ethical trade-offs shape debates about R&R. For example, what if the orphan fails to learn how to be an orangutan again, after years in the company of humans? What if she is sent into the forest only to slowly starve? Would she have been better off in a cage? Could the huge cost of sending a rescued ape back to the wild be better spent on stopping deforestation in the first place? Or do we have a moral obligation to rescue the orphan regardless of cost? This book demonstrates that deconstructing ethical positions is crucial for understanding ongoing disagreements about how to help our endangered great ape kin and other wildlife.
Ethical Debates in Orangutan Conservation is essential reading for those interested in conservation and animal welfare, animal studies, primatology, geography, environmental philosophy, and anthropology.
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Introduction:
To Save is to Sacrifice
Approach
Methodology
What Are Ethics?
Conservation, Welfare, Liberation
Triage and Trade-Offs
Roadmap
Chapter 1: Orangutans and their Conservation
Orangutans: A Natural and Cultural History
Conservation: The Old, the New, and the Ugly
Pancasila and Palm Oil: Conservation in Indonesia
Orangutans as Tourism Mascots: Conservation in Malaysian Borneo
"Please Don't Set Up Any More!"
The NGO Network
Orangutans in the Anthropocene
Chapter 2: Kill, Incarcerate,
or Liberate? Alternatives to Reintroduction
Orangutan Reintroduction: Conservation Tool or Cry in the Wilderness?
Replenishing Wild Populations: A Post-Hoc Argument?
Forest Restoration and Protection: Reintroduction
as Political Incentive for Conservation
Law Enforcement: Is Trade a Cause of Consequence of Orangutan Endangerment?
Ignoring Displaced Wildlife "Breaks the Hearts of People": Educational Benefits of R&R
Freedom
isn't Free: The Cost-(In)effectiveness of R&R
Killing
What Counts as Euthanasia?
Personhood and Penance: Orangutan Rights and Human Responsibilities
Sentience and Speciesism: The
Ethics of Killing Orangutans Versus Other Species
Incarceration
Surplus and Scarcity: The
Practical Problem of Housing Orphaned Orangutans
Where is "Home"? Orangutans and Nationality
Life of Luxury or Prison? The Welfare Implications of Captivity Versus the Wild
Integrity, Islam, and Independence:
Wildness as Inherently Valuable
Weighing Wildness and Welfare
Chapter
3: What is a Rehabilitation Centre? Boundary-Work in Conservation
What's in a Name? The Preference for "Rehabilitation
Centre" Over "Sanctuary"
To Breed or Not to Breed? Distinguishing Rehabilitation Centres from Zoos
Dehuminization and Dualisms: Defining Wildness
Sustainability and Sacrifice: The Ethics of Wildlife
Tourism
A Tenuous Boundary?
A Counter Example: Rehabilitation Centre or Release Site?
Chapter 4: Sense and Sentimentality: Emotion in Environmental Ethics
Eyes
and PIEs: The Development of Ethical Stances
Feelings and Facts: The Relationship Between Emotion and Rationality
Selfishness and Sacrifice: Two Specific Worries About Emotion in Orangutan Conservation
Triage
and Trouble: More Thought, Not Less Emotion
Chapter 5: No Space on the Ark: Triage in Wildlife
Rescue
Selecting Citizens: Sacrifice and Speciesism in Admission Practices
Creating Two
Problems, or Solving One? The Dilemma